Tuesday, August 25, 2020

Discovery Museum Gold Rush History Center

The visit I made to the Discovery Museum Gold Rush History Center in Sacramento, California, end up being exceptionally useful, engaging, and a two-hour very much spent. The experience managed me a ton of learnings from the Gold Rush time frame that I didn't know previously. Before I made the voyage through the four exhibitions inside the structure, I initially went to the guests' data place, wherein a presentation with respect to the structure's development has been appeared in a nine-minute film clip.Based on the clasp appeared, I discovered that the historical center is an imitation of the first structure that was worked in 1854 that recently housed the City of Sacramento's city corridor, quarters for the local group of fire-fighters, prison, police headquarters, and court. The first structure had experienced auxiliary issues and was proclaimed perilous numerous years after the fact. It was at long last crushed around sixty years after the fact in 1913.The copy building has been a djusted on certain sides in accordance with its being an exhibition hall displaying history, science and innovation. The Gold Rush Center's shows are in The Lure of Gold display. The exhibition hall's game plan of occasions is efficient and one of a kind. From that point, I had the option to see gold chunks in plain view and ancient rarities and actualizes utilized by excavators from the Gold Rush time. The Gold Rush in California was a pivotal turning point in history that changed Sacramento forever.Sacramento turned into the focal point of that occasion in 1849. Individuals from everywhere throughout the world went to this city wanting to make themselves rich. Already, this exhibition has displayed a run of the mill digger's movement and way of life. Beside the displays, there are additionally active exercises for kids and intelligent projects to enable the current age to show signs of improvement comprehension of the past.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

The History of Newspapers

The History of Newspapers Presentation: Any sorts of news about something new or current undertakings which shows up as often as possible and is a kind of distribution can be considered as a Newspaper. As per American writer Mark Twain â€Å"If you dont read the paper, youre ignorant. On the off chance that you read the paper, youre mis-informed.† Newspaper comprises of a wide range of substance, for example, news, articles, highlights, commercial and a lot more which is imprinted in generally modest newsprint. Paper distributes news day by day or week after week of general enthusiasm to enormous parts of open in a particular geographic territory. As per American Novelist Norman Mailer Once a paper contacts a story the realities are lost perpetually, even the heroes. A paper contains news and articles that contacts characters, business and account, wrongdoing, extreme climate, catastrophic events, wellbeing and medication, science and innovation, sports, amusement, design and expressions separated and distributed in various areas firmly identified with nearness factor or general enthusiasm of the individuals. Despite the fact that the Newspaper depends on realities and news, sincere beliefs are balanced through publications and opinion piece. The paper incorporates photos shot by the picture takers alongside stories and articles alongside visual specialists, information, visits and charts. All the reports or stories have title texts and photos with inscription is altered to be fixed some place in the papers format in the wake of being checked by the editors typically regulated by a supervisor in-boss or an official editorial manager. The paper business is kept alive by general dissemination or through promotion they convey. It is significant for paper to give residents data on government and legislative issues. History of Newspaper in European setting: The historical backdrop of paper in Europe can be followed back to 59 B.C. to A.D. 222 in Rome when composing and perusing picked up dependability. The Roman Empire distributed Acta Diurna (Daily Acts), an every day manually written news sheets which were cut in mental or stone and posted by the administration in Roman gathering. The acta contained updates on Political happenings, preliminaries, embarrassments, military battles and executions. These were printed with the request for Julius Caesar, a Roman general and writer of Latin composing style. The print machine came into light to engender news in Europe not long after the development of letter press by Johann Gutenberg during the 1450s which was the commencement of versatile sort of print machine. In 1470, one of the first printed works which can be considered as news was an Italian record of a competition. Christopher Columbus had composed a letter revealing his revelations which was set in type and was coursed all over Barcelona before he arrived in 1493. There were a huge number of printed newsbooks, short flyers giving an account of a news occasion, and news songs, subtleties of recent developments written in stanza and by and large imprinted on one side of a solitary piece of paper which were circled all over Europe and its settlements uniquely America in the sixteenth and seventeenth hundreds of years. The newsbooks and news numbers was qualified enough to be known as a paper since they showed up just a single time, to report just a single story and had no personalit y separate from the trustworthy news report they told. There is no uncertainty that the idea of current paper was concocted in Europe. The most seasoned type of present day paper is supposed to be previously distributed as a transcribed news sheets that coursed widely in Venice, Italy in the sixteenth century. Notizie scritte (composed notification) were distributed by the legislature of Venice in 1556 which prompted the trademark of present day paper. Venice was the focal point of exchange Europe in this way center point for data. The Venetian news sheets otherwise called avisi or newspapers which was manually written had data and news in regards to governmental issues, wars and economy of Italy and Europe during early current time (1500 †1800). The paper voyaged from the beginning Europe till London and was dispersed week after week during 1566 A.D. They procedures and style they applied for this paper were short arrangements of news things, progressed from a specific city, printed under the name of that city alongside the date on which they were sent. These strategies would be utilized in most early printed papers and this thought of manually written newsbooks ventured out right to Germany and Holland. As per World relationship of papers, the most established enduring European printed paper were distributed week after week in German language in Germany, the first being Relation aller Fã ¼rnemmen und gedenckwã ¼rdign Historien imprinted in 1605 A.D. in Strasbourg by Johann Carlous followed Avisa Relation oder Zeitun printed by Lucas Schlute in 1609 in Wolfenbã ¼ttel. The names of the urban areas were excluded from the papers so as to sidestep government arraignments. It didn't require some investment for the printed paper to spread through Europe quickly beginning from printed weeklies which showed up in Basel in 1610, trailed by Frankfort and Vienna in 1615 lastly in Berlin by 1617. All the weeklies were in German language and no particular names have been found. In 1618 the main Dutch paper week after week was presented in Amsterdam called Courante uyt Italien, Buytslandt, c. which can be considered as the primary broadsheet paper since it was given in folio †size as opposed to recently printed handouts in quarto †size. The absolute first paper imprinted in England came in 1621 when an English authority whined about the absence of methods for correspondence in England. The French began printing paper of its own in May 30, 1631 called La Gazette in Paris. The Italians presented their first printed week after week in 1639 followed by Spanish Catalan language paper Gazeta in 1641. The primary English Language paper was imprinted in Amsterdam by Joris Veseler for the distributer Pieter van cave Keere in 1620. The principal English paper doesn't start with a title in light of the fact that in those early days papers regularly didn't have predictable names. The primary English paper is very much delineated by the accompanying thing: Out of Ceulen (cologne), the 24 of November. Letters of Neurenburge of the 20 of this present, make notice, that they had instruct from the Borders with respect to Bohemis, that there had been an exceptionally extraordinary Battle by Prague. The news was deciphered in English, printed and dispatched to London. Numerous early papers didn't have numerous accounts to be printed and battled to discover new news to fill their paper each week, particularly in England, the news were distributed late. The perusers desire for week by week newes was not satisfied during those time. This prompted all the more working hours to assemble news to fill the week after week news and this pace of social event news lead to adjust to the timetable of every day papers later on. The main really printed paper in England was Corante, or weekely newes from Italy, Gerany, Hungary, Poland, Bohemia, France and the low Countreys in September 24, 1621. The distributer known by just initials N.B. whose credits are offered either to Nathaniel Butter and Nicholas Bourne which were the two Englands first paper columnist. The second paper in France Gazette de France was additionally distributed in 1631 by Theophraste Renaudot which made due till the French Revolution in 1789. There were fundamentally two configurations in which the paper were distributed in early days; one was the Dutch paper style known as corantos, in which the reports were stuffed thickly in just two or four pages and the other style was the German weeklies, for the most part a leaflets with eight to twenty four pages. The Dutch style of paper in the long run transformed into German style in 1622. The news were printed straightforwardly in print shop when it was gotten, for example, the thirty years war seething on the mainland around then showed up under the name of Vienna, Frankfort or Prague or whatever other urban areas where a letter or paper discovered its way to a printing shop. A similar news imprinted in some date in a specific city was imprinted in various date in some other city. In London the procedure of altering story to make it simpler for the peruser began by proofreader Thomas Gainsford, who began working in arrangement of early English paper in 1622. The Oxford Gazette which was set up in 7 November 1665 and that contained authority diaries of record of the British government is the most established enduring English paper on the planet today. The Daily Courant was the main day by day paper in the England and the world. It was first distributed in 11 March 1702 and was delivered by Elizabeth Mallet and contained a solitary page with promotions on the reverser side. Year Paper Language City Nation Reference 1605 Connection aller Fã ¼rnemmen und gedenckwã ¼rdign Historien German Strasbourg Blessed Roman Empire First paper of the world 1609 Avisa Relation oder Zeitung German Wolfenbã ¼ttel Blessed Roman Empire 1610 German Basel Swiss Confederacy 1615 German Frankfurt Blessed Roman Empire 1617 German Berlin Blessed Roman Empire 1618 Courante uyt Italien Duytslandt, c. Dutch Amsterdam Dutch Republic It is the universes first broadsheet. out of utilization in 1664 1620 Nieuwe Tijdinghen Dutch Antwerp Spanish Netherlands Distributed in 1605 †1629 1631 La Gazette French Paris France First paper in French language and first week by week magazine set up between May 30, 1631 †September 30, 1915 1641 Gazeta Catalan Barcelona Spain The principal Catalan Language paper. Just two issues were distributed 1645 Ordinari Post Tijdender Swedish Stockholm Sweden Most seasoned and still distributed paper on the planet. Went online in 2007 1656 Weeckelycke Courante van Europa Dutch Haarlem Dutch Republic In 1664 the name was changed to Oprechte haerlemsche Courant. The paper converged with

Wednesday, July 29, 2020

How to Sleep Sitting Up

How to Sleep Sitting Up When you have less stuff your life changes. One of the nicest changes is the option to travel. Not every minimalist is a dedicated world travelerâ€"we dont all change countries every few months or walk to Brazil. But theres a reason travel and minimalism get mentioned in the same breath. Whether youre a jetsetter or just take a once a year vacation, its simpler with less stuff weighing you down (at home, in your luggage, or on the credit card bill). But that doesnt mean travel is always easy. I like to do whatever I can to lower the barriers. So when my sister Zangmo came to visit, I had some questions for her. Zangmo is a Buddhist nun. She just finished a lengthy retreat in a Tibetan monastery in New York. We had a lot of catching up to do but after seeing her room at the monastery I particularly wanted to know about her bed. She told me before entering retreat that Tibetan monks sleep sitting up. They even have a special box to sleep in at night. This lets them fall asleep facing their shrines and contributes to good meditation posture. To me, it also sounded like torture. Though she makes it look good. Better Living Through Sleepytime Zangmo told a different story. She told me that she feels healthier sleeping upright. She never gets a sore back or stiff neck, she sleeps soundly and wakes up feeling rested and alert every morning (this depsite getting just 5 hours of sleep a night with the busy monastery schedule). I could see the effect it had on her: she was able to sleep anywhere and she was full of energy. I thought this could be useful. Im an adventurer, setting out on a spiritual pilgrimage across two continents. Anything that makes me more portable is good. Some of the benefits of upright sleeping include: Its good for your back No more taking special pillows everywhere you go You dont need a sleeping bagâ€"one blanket will keep you warm Its impossible to snore Youre more aware of your surroundings and can wake up easily I immediately saw the applications for my upcoming journey. I can carry less gear, and if I wake up to the sound of approaching footsteps I can be on my feet in a second. In the Colombian jungle thats not a bad deal. Of course most travelers arent so extreme. But where upright sleeping really shines is on a bus or in a friends living room. Once you become proficient you can sleep truly anywhere, never worrying about what the mattress will be like. Bad hotel beds, air mattresses, futonsâ€"these will be things of the past. I asked Zangmo to teach me how to do it right, then tried it out for myself. How to Sleep Upright What Zangmo taught me was a series of tips to make the transition easy. It took her about three months to make the adjustment, but learning from her mistakes I was able to make it in four weeks. By the first week I could sleep an hour or two at a time comfortably, and within two weeks I had slept five straight hours upright (moving to a bed for the rest of the night). Prior to this my only experience with sleeping upright was in vehicles or at airports. It always led to horrible stiffness and pain. The reason is bad posture. If you can control your posture you can sleep upright with none of the pain, and thats what most of these steps are aimed at. 1. The Right Surface Set a board or other surface at about a 70 ° angle. Ultimately you can sleep against anything, even a vertical surface with no troubles. To start off though youll want gravity helping you, and that means a slightly sloped surface behind you. I put a piece of particle board against my bedroom wall at a 70 ° angle. To avoid scratching the wall you can throw a towel over the top. 2. Padding Everybody likes pillows. If youre used to sleeping on a bed youre going to want some kind of padding or youll go nuts. At the beginning, two pillows should work: one to sit on and one to cushion your back. After about two weeks I stopped using the pillows and now lean directly on the board, with no comfort issues. 3. Back Support Lower back support is how you make upright sleeping comfortable. The single most important part of upright sleeping is lower back support. If you support your lower back it will reinforce your torsos natural curve, minimizing soreness. At the same time it will slope your body so that your head is leaning back onto the surface behind you. This makes it easier to fall asleep and avoid neck pain. If you under-do your lower back support or sleep leaning forward, youll wake up with the same kind of soreness you get from hours in front of a computer. Thats called slumping and its not your friend. Luckily its easily fixed. A rolled up towel or small pillow behind the lower back gets you the shape you need. 4. Neck Support A seat cushion has a nice shape to support the neck without shoving the head forward. Just like with padding, in time you wont need neck support at all. But it makes the transition easier for beginners. Ideally youll have something that supports your neck but is thinner behind your head. Err on the thin side. If you use a pillow that pushes your head forward youll find yourself with significant neck painâ€"its better to relax the neck and head and let them fall naturally back against the board or wall. If you have a small enough pillow you can support the neck without anything behind the head at all. 5. Something Extra If you find that you slump over in your sleep, you have options. In theory you now have basic good posture: your lower back is supported, you arent leaning forward, and your head falls back naturally. But at the start your body might not want to stay that wayâ€"youll wake up lolling to one side, or slouched over. This will stop happening as your body gets used to the posture, but you can intervene if its frustrating. The easiest way is just to tie a scarf around your board and use it like a seatbelt for your head. This way you cant lean forward or fall to the side. Buddhists make such good models. Thanks Zangmo! Putting it to Use Most people assume that lying down is the natural way for humans to sleep, but after experiencing upright sleeping Im not so sure. I think most people just decide that however they were raised is the natural way, and anything that looks really different must be uncomfortable. But just like switching from sleeping on your side to sleeping on your back, after a short period of adjustment it becomes normal. When I sleep upright I have a very light, but amazingly refreshing sleep. I remember my dreams better, I wake up more easily if something is going on around me, and yet I dont feel groggy or disrupted. I can jump right up without that usual feeling of disorientation that comes after sleep, which has led to not hitting the coffee so hard. Even though its a lighter sleep somehow its very satisfying. Im curious to see if any other minimalists take the challenge and try this out. Is it something you could use when traveling? Or maybe even at home? If you try it out, share your experience. How hard is the adjustment period, and do you end up with the same refreshing sleep that I did? Drew Jacob is an adventurer and philosopher. You May Also Enjoy How to Start a Successful Blog Today Learn how to start a blog in less than an hour. Follow the step-by-step instructions we used when starting our blog, which now has reached more than 20 million people. Creating this blog is one of the best decisions Ryan and I ever made. After all, our blog is how we earn a living. More important, it's how we add value to other people's lives. Read more 30-Day Minimalism Game Let's play a simple game together. We call it the 30-Day Minimalism Game. Find a friend, family member, or coworker who's willing to minimize their stuff with you next month. Read more 11 Ways to Write Better We are all writers now. Whether you write books, blog posts, emails, Instagram captions, or text messages, you are a writer. No matter your preferred medium, here are a few tips to help you write more effectively. Read more Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Friday, May 22, 2020

Clinical Features Symptoms The Autism Spectrum...

Clinical Features Symptoms: The autism spectrum disorder (ASD) describes a wide range of symptoms, including difficulty with social interaction and communication skills, as well as unusually repetitive behavior. According to the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5), individuals with ASD have a tendency to respond inappropriately in conversation and lack the ability to build relationships (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). They often engage in a series of abnormal routines and develop inappropriate obsessions with particular items. Individuals with ASD also display a wide variety of cognitive functioning, ranging from severe intellectual disability to superior intelligence (Fakhoury, 2015). Individuals with ASD tend to have communication deficits, such as responding inappropriately in conversations, misreading nonverbal interactions and having difficulty building friendships appropriate to their age. In addition, people with ASD tend to be overly dependent on routines, highly sensitive to changes in their environment and intensely focused on inappropriate items (Fakhoury, 2015). The symptoms of ASD are classified into two broad categories: core symptoms and secondary symptoms (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The core symptoms consist of reduced language skills and social interaction, as well as the presence of repetitive and stereotypic behaviors. Secondary symptoms include complications such as self-injury,Show MoreRelatedAutism Is A Neurodevelopmental Disorder That Is Found To1103 Words   |  5 PagesAutism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is found to be affecting more people every day. Autism spectrum disorder is a term used to hold many levels of autism under it from high functioning to non-verbal. To fall in the spectrum there is certain criterion that must be met part of which is a common set of behavioral and cognitive impairments. These behavior impairments, much of which are restrictive and repetitive along with being too focused or channeled on one thought, idea or activity. ActingRead MoreImpact Of Autism And Anxiety On Children And Adolescents1349 Words   |  6 PagesImpact of Autism and Anxiety on Children and Adolescents One regarded as rare, autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) – which includes autistic disorder, Asperger’s disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), have received a great deal of professional and scientific attention (White, Oswald, Ollendick, Scahill, 2009). ASDs are characterized by impairment in social communication as well as the presence of repetitive behaviors and restricted interests (American PsychiatricRead MoreHistory of Autism, ASD, and AD1632 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of Autism, ASD, and AD Leo Kanner, a doctor at Johns Hopkins Hospital and the first self-described child-psychiatrist, first described what we now know to be autism in his 1943 paper titled, Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact. He described a disorder similar to, but distinct from childhood schizophrenia. 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Today the terminology seems to be as well known as the words Schizophrenia or Down Syndrome . Most of us know someone who has a relative with one of these disorders, or have a child or a relative ourselves who has been diagnosed. While the terms are recognizable, these disorders are relatively new to the ordinary citizen. The knowledge of the cause, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment are even further limited. For thoseRead MoreAssessments For Students With Autism Spectrum Disorders Essay1579 Words   |  7 PagesAssessments for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders Autism is a mental disorder, present from early childhood, characterized by difficulty in communicating and forming relationships with other people and in using language and abstract concepts. (Classroom-Assessment-Theory-into-Practice, 2012) One in 88 children are diagnosed with autism and the symptoms are usually noticed between the ages of 18 months and 5 years. Typically, autism affects individuals in 5 key areas: Communication (verbal andRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )909 Words   |  4 PagesAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to a group of neurodevelopmental disorders that is characterized by abnormalities relating to social, behavioral, cognitive and language skills. The genetic architecture of ASD is comprised of a variety of rare mutations. These mutations include monogenic conditions involving autistic symptoms. Furthermore, single nucleotide variants and de novo copy number variants add to disease susceptibility. Inherited Factors Related to ASDs Autosomal recessive loci areRead MoreAutism Essay1222 Words   |  5 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder Essay What is ASD? The term Autistic Spectrum Disorder covers a wide range of conditions, including autism and Asperger syndrome that are characterized by impaired social interaction, communication difficulties and restricted, stereotypical and repetitive activities and interests. Autistic spectrum disorder is a developmental disorder that is usually diagnosed in childhood. Children and adults with this condition have a wide range of intelligence. Some have learning disabilitiesRead MoreThe Specificity Of Inhibitory Impairments1363 Words   |  6 Pages The Specificity Of Inhibitory Impairments In Autism And Their Relation To ADHD-Type Symptoms Adam Scavo Des Moines Area Community College â€Æ' Children with autism are showing signs of ADHD type symptoms at younger ages. Attention –Deficit/hyperactivity disorder, also known as ADHD is known to effect children more than it does adults, â€Å"Population surveys suggest that ADHD occurs in most cultures in about 5% of children and about 2.5% of adults† (American Psychiatric Association). ADHD mostlyRead MoreThe Main Features Of Autism Spectrum Disorder2612 Words   |  11 PagesDescribe the main features of autism spectrum disorder. Evaluate the evidence supporting a biological basis for autism. Autism is a developmental disorder which usually occurs during infancy (Hyman, 2002:217). Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is an umbrella term used to refer to many disorders which display symptoms of an autistic style. The spectrum covers all types of symptoms ranging from mild to severe (Hollander, 2003:102). Individuals in the spectrum can range from having severe learning disabilities

Saturday, May 9, 2020

Why Everyone Is Mistaken About Thematic Essay Topics and Why You Must Read This Report Right Now

Why Everyone Is Mistaken About Thematic Essay Topics and Why You Must Read This Report Right Now Thematic essays are usually somewhat long, so it's not unusual to get many distinctive paragraphs to go over lots of unique points. Bear in mind the conclusion aims at reminding the audience precisely what the essay is about. Make sure your introduction provides the response to the question. The very first paragraph of your writing ought to be a quick introduction. The author is therefore predicted to connect various facts to produce a logical conclusion. Compose extra paragraphs if necessary to be able to completely answer the essay question. To be able to compose a persuasive and impressive essay one should possess decent writing and research skills, in addition to be in a position to organize own work and meet deadlines. Needless to say, the option of a specific research paper topic rides on the course you're taking. Geography essays are known to cause plenty of headaches to students. Writing an effective essay demands careful attention to detail and capability to organize your thoughts concerning the major subject of your research. You should begin distilling and reshaping your topic as soon as possible, although you will keep doing so as you research and write. Honing your topic is critical to producing a first-rate research paper, and you need to keep doing it throughout the undertaking. Thematic Essay Topics - What Is It? Congratulations it appears like you've received your very first thematic essay assignment! An essay cannot be polished enough. A regular essay is created of 5 paragraphs. Before you're able to start writing your thematic essay, it's advised that you first make an outline. Thus, you've got to examine requirements ahead of writing of an essay. The introduction should offer a synopsis of the paper. To learn to compose a thematic essay, it's vital to focus on the grading rubric. The next stage of writing a thematic paper is to find out the appropriate technique of the way to compose a thematic essay. In case, you feel that it's impossible to compose your thematic essay punctually or you're not sure you're writing it properly use our help. If it's the first time you're likely to use our article writing service, you most likely have a lot of questions. The middle class also started to develop. You now have the time to do each of the things you had postponed attempting to develop a topic. Do not increase your probability of being discontinued from your studies due to trusting people who cannot even aid with choosing history essay topics for high school students. Use factual info and base your response to each question on the particular document to which it is related, and make certain to compose each answer using complete sentences. Is one particular question that a number of students ask themselves. Naturally, your language does not need to be primitive. Theme essays are thought to be the simplest to write. Instructions together with a discussion on theme is found by following the hyperlink. It is the pulse of the story and if you choose correctly you will feel compelled (in a good way) to complete your story. Since you're working on a thematic endeavor, you always ought to adhere to the maturation of the major objective. Use the chapter exams as a pre-assessment to find out your weak spots, then conserve time by working through only the lessons you require . It is vital to identify and disclose the principal subject of the studied work. To guarantee that you will discover a complete answer to every question, we've got a support team that's always online.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

What is the Vatican II Free Essays

Vatican II is the last ecumenical council that the Roman Catholic Church had. It is the only council that the Church organized for the past century up to now. Ecumenical councils are held every time the Church feels there are things to be settled within its institution. We will write a custom essay sample on What is the Vatican II? or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is attended by Bishops around the world. Not to be mislead by its name, Vatican II is not a continuation of Vatican I; rather, it is a new council dedicated to resolving new issues. Since this council is held almost half a century ago, maybe it is about time for the Church to finally hold another one, not necessarily to settle new issues, but just to check the overall status of the Christian world, especially with the advent of stem cell research and the continuing issues of birth control. Besides, things today are definitely different from what they were forty or fifty years ago. The council of Vatican II focused on issues on liturgy, the Church, scripture and divine revelation, and the role of the Bishops. The council produced documents regarding these topics, plus twelve more topics that they discussed in the council. Contrary to the previous councils which were held primarily because of the rise of false teachings, the Vatican II did not focus on persecuting heretic teachings. Thus, this council is probably the first of its kind. How to cite What is the Vatican II?, Papers

Wednesday, April 29, 2020

NAFTA Essays (903 words) - International Trade,

NAFTA Mexico and the United States along with Canada have entered into a trilateral free trade agreement called the North American Free Trade Agreement otherwise known as NAFTA. NAFTA has got to be the largest trading agreement in history; the agreement creates a single market of 370 million consumers. The people of NAFTA talk about potential gains from increased free trade between Mexico and the U.S. as the two countries remove tariffs, other trade barriers and restrictions on investment so that businesses would have access for goods, service and investment. They argue that the U.S. stands to gain from the agreement as Mexico offers trade potential in a growing market, more investment opportunities, low cost labor, abundant natural resources, and geographical prospects and growing markets for American goods. On the other hand, outsiders argue that the agreement would further encourage American businesses to move their production facilities to Mexico in search of low cost labor so that the U.S. would lose a lot of jobs along with money. They also claim that the pollution in the environment, which is already bad to begin with, will be worsened by the agreement. These opposing arguments need to be sorted out so that the potential benefits and costs of the agreement can be identified. A free trade area is formed when countries remove tariffs and other barriers to trade among them while maintaining tariffs and other commercial policies against non-member nations. This selective trading arrangement would appear to be a movement toward freer trade and therefore, greater economic efficiency. The trade barriers among the member countries are removed while others remain. There are other potential benefits to members of a free trade area. Successful businesses within the trade agreement can take advantage of the economy as their market expands. Another source of benefits comes from increased competition. Competition increases managerial efficiency, worker productivity, and higher rate of investment by low-cost firms. The development of more efficient economies, in turn, creates more jobs and increases standards of living in the member countries. In addition, reduced tensions and an increased likelihood of peace may be another benefit from a trade agreement. There are several components in the agreement. One component deals with market access. Issues such as tariffs, non-tariffs barriers, rules of origin and governemnt procurement are addressed under this category. Trade rule components deal with issues such as subsidies and health and safety standards. The agreement also deals with issues facing specific industries such as the automobile, textile, energy and agriculture. The financial and telecommunications industries are the two areas of conflict. The other components include investment, intellectual property, and dispute settlement. There are four major issues in NAFTA: rules of origin, labor, agriculture and environment. Rules of Origin. Any regional free trade agreement is subject to a "transshipment problem." Without a Rules of Origin clause, a business from a non-member country could import unfinished products into the member country with the lowest tariff rates. The foreign company could then assemble its products in the member country and ship them to the remaining member countries, avoiding their higher tariffs. The Rules of Origin, also known as local content requirement, can be defined as ?the minimum percentage of a country's exported product the must be produced or substantially transformed within the border of the exporting country" (Aguilar 1993). Labor. Among those who are strongly against NAFTA are labor unions who fear that American workers will suffer as U.S. businesses move their business to Mexico in search of lower labor cost. In 1991, the average manufacturing wage rate in the U.S. was $15.45 per hour while that of Mexico was only $2.17. Agriculture. Currently the majority of agricultural products traded between the U.S. and Mexico consist of grains, livestock and oilseeds. Mexico also exports sugar for refining and cattle for feed lots, which are re-exported for sale. The U.S. has tariffs on fruits and vegetables. Overall, the average tariff on Mexican farm products to the U.S. is about 6 percent. Environment. The environmental issue has taken a backseat to many of the economic concerns Mexico has had to address in the past. In the 1980's Mexico faced a debt crisis. In order to revitalize the Mexican economy the Mexican government allowed an increase in foreign investment within its borders. However, this investment also meant increased pollution. The pollution that has been allowed for so long has escalated into a serious problem that Mexico must address as they face increasing free trade with the U.S. and Canada . NAFTA introduced a major breakthrough in the history of trade among the three North